Britain has said it will radically change its approach to defence to address threats from Russia, nuclear risks and cyber-attacks by investing in drones and digital warfare rather than relying on a much larger army to engage in modern combat.
Responding to US President Donald Trump's insistence that Europe take more responsibility for its own security, Prime Minister Keir Starmer has pledged the largest sustained increase to UK defence spending since the end of the Cold War.
The UK government's strategic defence review, published on Monday, local time, included plans to increase the size of its nuclear-powered attack submarine fleet.
The new submarines will be a model jointly developed by the UK, US and Australia under the security partnership AUKUS.
"We know that threats are increasing and we must act decisively to face down Russian aggression," the UK's Defence Secretary John Healey said in a statement.
Britain will build up to 12 of its next-generation attack submarines, which are nuclear-powered but carry conventional non-nuclear weapons, to replace the current fleet of seven from the late 2030s, the Ministry of Defence said in a statement.
But with limited finances, the government's overall plan to boost the UK's defence capability envisages making the army more lethal, not larger, by learning from Ukraine where drones and technology have transformed the battlefield.
The government has promised to raise defence spending to 2.5 per cent of GDP by 2027 and target a 3 per cent level over the longer term.
Mr Healey said Britain's adversaries were working more in alliance and technology was changing how war was fought.
"Drones now kill more people than traditional artillery in the war in Ukraine and whoever gets new technology into the hands of their armed forces the quickest will win," he said.
Mr Starmer commissioned a Strategic Defence Review shortly after he was elected last July, tasking experts including the former NATO boss, George Robertson, and a former Russia adviser to the White House, Fiona Hill, with formulating a plan for the next 10 years.
Despite cuts to the military budget in recent years, Britain still ranks alongside France as one of Europe's leading military powers, with its army helping to protect NATO's eastern flank and its navy maintaining a presence in the Indo-Pacific.
But the army, with 70,860 full-time trained soldiers, is the smallest since the Napoleonic era and the government has said it needed to be reformed given the growing strategic threats.
New defence age
Under the plan accepted by the government, Britain will expand its fleet of attack submarines, and will spend 15 billion pounds ($31 billion) before the next election due in 2029 on the replacement of the nuclear warheads for its main nuclear fleet.
It will build at least six new munitions plants, procure up to 7,000 British-made long-range weapons, and launch new communication systems for the battlefield.
A Cyber and Electromagnetic Command will lead defensive and offensive cyber capabilities, after UK military networks faced more than 90,000 "sub-threshold" attacks in the past two years.
But on the size of the armed forces, the review said it would not reduce numbers, even as a greater emphasis is put on technology, but increasing the total number of regular personnel should be prioritised when funding allows, likely after 2029.
"The moment has arrived to transform how we defend ourselves," Mr Starmer told workers at BAE Systems' Govan shipbuilding site in Scotland, saying he would "end the hollowing out of our armed forces".
"When we are being directly threatened by states with advanced military forces, the most effective way to deter them is to be ready."
Critics and political opponents have urged the UK government to put a date on when it would move to 3 per cent of GDP.
NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte has said he wants members to raise defence spending to 3.5 per cent of their GDP, and a further 1.5 per cent on broader security-related items to meet Mr Trump's demand for a 5 per cent target.
Mr Starmer said he was "100 per cent confident" UK defence spending would hit 3 per cent in the next parliament likely between 2029-2034 — something the review appeared to take into account when drafting its recommendations.
The government described its policy as "NATO first", drawing on the strength of the alliance's members which meant it would never fight alone.
Mr Starmer has sought to cast the higher defence spending as a way to create jobs and wealth, as he juggles severely strained public finances, a slow-growing economy and declining popularity among an increasingly dissatisfied electorate.
The announcement about new submarines helped lift the share prices of defence groups Babcock and Rolls-Royce.
Reuters
